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Juglans cinerea |
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Family: Juglandaceae |
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Butternut |
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The
walnut/butternut group (Juglans spp.) contains 15 species which grow in South
America [6], Eurasia [4] and North America [5]. Of the butternuts, one species
grows in the United States, American butternut (J. cinerea), and three in Asia (J. ailantifolia, J. cathayensis and J. mandshurica). The word juglans is the classic Latin
name of walnut, meaning nut of Jupiter.
Juglans cinerea-American white walnut,
gray walnut, lemon walnut, oil-bean-nut, oilnut, walnut, white walnut.
Distribution
Butternut is
native to the eastern United States from Tennessee and western North Carolina
north to southern Ontario and Quebec. Its distribution is scattered, never
growing in pure stands, at the edges of forests or in the open. It is found in
association with cherry, basswood, oak, walnut, ash, maple, elm and hemlock.
The Tree
Butternut trees
reach heights of 100 ft (30 m), with a 3 ft (1 m) diameter.
The Wood
General
The narrow
sapwood of butternut is white to light brown, while the heartwood is chestnut
brown with red tinges. The growth rings are distinct, with a marked difference
between the size of the earlywood and latewood pores. Butternut is similar to
black walnut, but lighter in color and weight. It has no characteristic odor or
taste.
Mechanical
Properties (2-inch standard)
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Compression |
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Specific gravity |
MOE x106 lbf/in2 |
MOR lbf/in2 |
Parallel lbf/in2 |
Perpendicular lbf/in2 |
WMLa in-lbf/in3 |
Hardness lbf |
Shear lbf/in2 |
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Green |
0.36 |
0.97 |
5,400 |
2,420 |
220 |
8.2 |
390 |
760 |
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Dry |
0.38 |
1.18 |
8,100 |
5,110 |
460 |
8.2 |
490 |
1,170 |
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aWML = Work to maximum load.
Reference (98). |
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Drying and
Shrinkage
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Type of shrinkage |
Percentage of
shrinkage |
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0% MC |
6% MC |
20% MC |
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Tangential |
8.1 |
5.1 |
2.1 |
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Radial |
3.6 |
2.7 |
1.1 |
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Volumetric |
12.5 |
8.5 |
3.5 |
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References: 0% MC (98), |
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Kiln Drying
Schedulesa
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Stock |
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Condition |
4/4, 5/4, 6/4 |
8/4 |
10/4 |
12/4 |
16/4 |
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Standard |
T10-E4 |
T8-E3 |
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aReferences
(6, 86). |
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Working
Properties: Butternut generally has a straight grain, works easily with tools,
and takes a rich, lustrous finish.
Durability:
Rated as slightly or nonresistant to heartwood decay.
Preservation:
No information available at this time.
Uses: Lumber,
furniture, boxes, crates, mill work, veneer.
Toxicity: No
information available at this time.
Additional
Reading and References Cited (in parentheses)
6. Boone, R.S.;
Kozlik, C.J.; Bois, P.J.; Wengert, E.M. 1988. Dry kiln schedules for commercial
woods-temperate and tropical. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-57. Madison, WI: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory.
8. Brisbin,
R.L.; Sonderman, D.L. 1973. Birch, an American wood. FS-221.Washington, DC:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
9. Brown, H.P.;
Panshin, A.J. 1940. Commercial timbers of the United States, their structure,
identification, properties and uses. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.
29. Elias, T.S.
1980. The complete trees of North America, field guide and natural history. New
York: van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
40. Hausen, B.M.
1981. Woods injurious to human health. A manual. New York: Walter de Gruyter.
55. Little, Jr.,
E.L. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). Agric.
Handb. 541. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
U.S. Government Printing Office.
59. Markwardt,
L.J.; Wilson, T.R.C. 1935. Strength and related properties of woods grown in
the United States. Tech. Bull. 479. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service. U.S. Government Printing Office.
64. Mitchell,
J.; Rook, A. 1979. Botanical dermatology: plants and plant products injurious
to the skin. Vancouver, BC: Greenglass Ltd.
68. Panshin,
A.J.; de Zeeuw, C. 1980. Textbook of wood technology, 4th ed. New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Co.
74. Record,
S.J.; Hess R.W. 1943. Timbers of the new world. New Haven, CT: Yale University
Press.
86. Simpson,
W.T. 1991. Dry kiln operator's manual. Ag. Handb. 188. Madison, WI: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory.
90. Summitt, R.;
Sliker, A. 1980. CRC handbook of materials science. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press,
Inc. Vol. 4.
98. U.S.
Department of Agriculture. 1987. Wood handbook: wood as an engineering
material. Agric. Handb. 72. (Rev.) Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture. 466 p.
105. Woods, B.;
Calnan, C.D. 1976. Toxic woods. British Journal of Dermatology. 95(13): 1-97.