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Nyssa spp. |
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Family: Nyssaceae |
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Tupelo |
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Tupelo contains
about 5 species native to the United States [3] and eastern Asia [2].
Nyssa
aquatica-Bay-poplar,
Bastard Cottonwood, Big Tupelo, Bowl Gum, Chickasawatchie Whitewood,
Cotton-gum, Gray Gum, Gum Cottonwood, Hickory Poplar, Ladle Gum, Large Tupelo,
Olivetree, Pawpaw Gum, Rootwood Tupelo, Sap Gum, Sour Gum, Swamp Gum, Swamp
Poplar, Swamp Tupelo, Trade Tupelo, Tupelo Gum, Water Gum, Water Tupelo, White Gum, Wild
Olivetree, Yellow?Gum
Nyssa ogeche-Gopher Plum, Limetree,
Ogeechee Lime, Lone Tupelo, Ogeechee?Plum, Ogeechee Tupelo, Sour Tupelo, Sour
Tupelo Gum, White Tupelo, Wild Limetree
Nyssa sylvatica-Blackgum, Black
Tupelo,
Bowl Gum, Gum, Pepperidge, Plain Black Gum, Quartered Black Gum, Sour Gum,
Stinkwood, Swamp Blackgum, Swamp Tupelo, Tupelo Gum, Yellow Gum, Yellow
Gumtree, Wild Pear-tree
Nyssa
sylvatica var.
biflora-Blackgum, Swamp Blackgum, Bouw
Gum, Lowland Black Gum, Lowland Gum, Sour Gum, Southern Gum, Swamp Black Gum,
Swamp Tupelo, Tupelo Gum, Water Gum,
Distribution
The eastern to
southeastern United States.
The Tree
Tupelo trees
reach heights of 100 feet, with a diameter of over 3 feet.
The Wood
General
The sapwood of
Tupelo is a light gray brown, while the heartwood is darker. It has interlocked
grain, with a natural tendency to warp when dries, especially when flat sawn.
It shows a characteristic figure when quartersawn. It has no characteristic
odor or taste. It is moderately strong, but difficult to glue.
Mechanical
Properties (2-inch standard)
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Compression |
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Specific gravity |
MOE X106 lbf/in2 |
MOR lbf/in2 |
Parallel lbf/in2 |
Perpendicular lbf/in2 |
WMLa in-lbf/in3 |
Hardness lbf |
Shear lbf/in2 |
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Nyssa aquatica
(water tupelo) |
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Green |
0.46 |
1.05 |
7,300 |
3,370 |
480 |
8.30 |
710 |
1,190 |
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Dry |
0.50 |
1.26 |
9,600 |
5,920 |
870 |
6.90 |
880 |
1,590 |
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Nyssa
sylvatica (black tupelo) |
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Green |
0.46 |
1.03 |
7,000 |
3,040 |
480 |
8.00 |
640 |
1,100 |
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Dry |
0.50 |
1.20 |
9,600 |
5,520 |
930 |
6.20 |
810 |
1,340 |
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aWML = Work to maximum load.
bReference (98). cReference (59). |
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Drying and
Shrinkage
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Type of shrinkage |
Percentage of
shrinkage |
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0% MC |
6% MC |
20% MC |
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Nyssa aquatica
(water tupelo) |
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Tangential |
7.6 |
6.1 |
2.5 |
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Radial |
4.2 |
3.4 |
1.4 |
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Volumetric |
12.5 |
10.0 |
4.2 |
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Nyssa
sylvatica (black tupelo) |
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Tangential |
8.7 |
6.2 |
2.6 |
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Radial |
5.1 |
3.5 |
1.5 |
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Volumetric |
14.4 |
11.1 |
4.6 |
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References: 0% MC (98), |
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Kiln Drying
Schedulesa
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Stock |
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Condition |
4/4, 5/4, 6/4 |
8/4 |
10/4 |
12/4 |
16/4 |
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Nyssa
sylvatica (water tupelo) |
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Standard |
T12-E5 |
T11-D3 |
T11-D3 |
T9-C2 |
T7-C2 |
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Nyssa
sylvatica var biflora (black gum) |
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Standard |
T10-E3 |
T8-D2 |
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aReferences
(6, 86). |
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Working
Properties: It is moderately strong, but difficult to glue.
Durability: It
lacks any natural durability.
Preservation:
It is easily penetrated with preservatives.
Uses:
Furniture, shipping containers, millwork, veneer, plywood, cross ties, bridge
ties and crossing planks.
Toxicity: No
information available at this time.
Additional
Reading and References Cited (in parentheses)
6. Boone, R.S.,
C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois & E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry kiln schedules for
commercial woods - temperate and tropical. USDA Forest Service, FPL ?General
Technical Report FPL-GTR-57.
21. Darwin, jr.,
W.N. 1972. Tupelo. USDA Forest Service, American Woods Series, FS-?269.
29. Elias, T.S.
1980. The complete trees of North America, field guide and natural history. Van
Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 948 pp.
40. Hausen, B.
M. 1981. Wood Injurious to Human Health: A Manual. Walter deGruyter & Co.,
Berlin, Germany; New York, NY.
55. Little, Jr.,
E.L. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). USDA
Forest Service, Ag. Handbook No. 541, USGPO, Washington, DC.
59. Markwardt,
L.J. and T.R.C. Wilson. 1935. Strength and related properties of woods grown in
the United States. USDA Forest Service, Tech. Bull. No. 479. USGPO,
?Washington, DC.
64. Mitchell,
J.; Rook, A. 1979. Botanical Dermatology: Plants and Plant Products Injurious
to the Skin. Greenglass Ltd., 691 W. 28th Ave., Vancouver, British ?Columbia,
Canada V5H 2H4.
68. Panshin,
A.J. and C. de Zeeuw. 1980. Textbook of Wood Technology, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill
Book Co., New York, 722 pp.
74. Record, S.J.
and R.W. Hess. 1943. Timbers of the new world. Yale University Press, ?New
Haven, 640 pp.
86. Simpson,
W.T. 1991. Dry kiln operator's manual. USDA Forest Service, FPL Ag. Handbook
188.
90. Summitt, R.
and A. Sliker. 1980. CRC handbook of materials science. Volume 4, wood. CRC
Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL. 459 pp.
98. USDA Forest
Service, FPL. 1987. Wood handbook: wood as an engineering material. Ag.
Handbook 72.
105. Woods, B.;
Calnan, C. D. 1976. Toxic Woods. British Journal of Dermatology; 95(13):1-97
Published by Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, England OX2 ?OEL.