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Pinus flexilis James |
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Family: Pinaceae |
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Limber Pine |
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The genus Pinus is composed of about
100 species native to temperate and tropical regions of the world. Wood of pine
can be separated microscopically into the white, red and yellow pine groups.
The word pinus
is the classical Latin name. The word flexilis means flexible or
limber.
Other Common
Names:
Bull pine, Californische buigzame pijn, hallarin, hange kiefer, jack pine,
limber pine, limber-twig pine, mjuk-tall, pin blanc de l'ouest, pin pliable de
l'ouest, pino enano, pino flessibile, pino flexible, pino huiyoco, pino nayar,
Rocky Mountain pine, Rocky Mountain white pine, western white pine, white pine.
Distribution: Limber pine is native
to the Rocky Mountain region, from southwestern Alberta and southeastern
British Columbia, south in the mountains of Montana, Idaho, Nevada and central
and southern California, east to northern New Mexico and north to Colorado and
Wyoming. Also locally in northeastern Oregon, northern Arizona, western
Nebraska, the Black Hills of South Dakota and southwestern North Dakota.
The Tree: Limber pine trees reach
heights of 50 feet, with diameters of 2 feet. Exceptional trees have been
reported to be 80 feet tall and 4 feet in diameter.
General Wood
Characteristics:
The wood of limber pine is light, soft, close grained and is easily worked with
tools. The sapwood is narrow and a creamy white, while the heartwood is
brownish to orange-yellow and may turn reddish brown upon exposure to the air.
Mechanical
Properties (2-inch standard)
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Compression |
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Specific gravity |
MOE x106 lbf/in2 |
MOR lbf/in2 |
Parallel lbf/in2 |
Perpendicular lbf/in2 |
WMLa in-lbf/in3 |
Hardness lbf |
Shear lbf/in2 |
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Green |
0.37 |
0.80 |
5200 |
2410 |
320 |
5.2 |
310 |
740 |
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Dry |
0.42 |
1.17 |
9100 |
5290 |
720 |
6.8 |
430 |
800 |
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aWML = Work to maximum load.
Reference (153). |
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Drying and
Shrinkage
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Type of shrinkage |
Percentage of
shrinkage |
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0% MC |
6% MC |
20% MC |
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Tangential |
5.1 |
NA |
NA |
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Radial |
2.4 |
NA |
NA |
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Volumetric |
8.2 |
NA |
NA |
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References: (153). |
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Kiln drying
schedules:
No information available at this time.
Working
Properties:
Limber pine works well with tools.
Durability: No information
available at this time.
Preservation: No information
available at this time.
Uses: Boxes, railroad ties,
poles, mine timbers, locally for fuel.
Toxicity: In general, working
with pine wood may cause dermatitis, allergic bronchial asthma or rhinitis in
some individuals (3,6&8).
Additional Reading
and References Cited (in
parentheses)
1. Boone, R. S.;
Kozlik, C. J.; Bois, P. J., and Wengert, E. M. Dry kiln schedules for
commercial woods - temperate and tropical. Madison, WI: USDA Forest Service,
FPL-GTR-57; 1988.
2. Hausen, B. M.
Woods injurious to human health. A manual. New York, NY: Walter de Gruyter;
1981.
3. Hyam, R. and
Pankhurst, R. Plant and their names. A concise dictionary. Oxford, UK: Oxford
University Press; 1995.
4. Laacke, R. J.
Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr. Subalpine Fir. in:
Burns, R. M. and Honkala, B. H., tech. coords. Silvics of North America. Volume
1, Conifers. Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service; 1990; pp. 36-46.
5. Little, jr.
E. L. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). Washington, DC:
USGPO, USDA Forest Service, Ag. Handbook No. 541; 1979.
6. Markstrom, D.
C. and McElderry, S. E. White Fir, An American Wood. Washington, DC, USA: USDA
Forest Service, FS-237; 1984.
7. Mitchell, J.
and Rook, A. Botanical dermatology: plants and plant products injurious to the
skin. Vancouver, BC: Greenglass Ltd.; 1979.
8. Record, S. J.
and Hess R. W. Timbers of the new world. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press;
1943.
9. Simpson, W.
T. Dry kiln operator's manual. Madison, WI: USDA Forest Service, FPL Ag.
Handbook No. 188; 1991.
10. Summitt, R.
and Sliker, A. CRC handbook of materials science. Vol. 4. Boca Raton, FL: CRC
Press, Inc.; 1980.
11. USDA. Wood
handbook: wood as an engineering material. Madison, WI: USDA Forest Service,
FPL Ag. Handbook No. 72; 1974.
12. Woods, B.
and Calnan, C. D. Toxic woods. British Journal of Dermatology. 1976;
95(13):1-97.