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Pinus radiata |
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Family: Pinaceae |
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Radiata Pine |
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Radiata pine is
one of over 40 species in the Yellow Pine Group. The word pinus is the classical Latin
name, while radiata means radiate or rayed, referring to the markings on the
cone scales.
Other Common
Names:
insignis, insignis pine, insignis-pijn, insignispijn, insular pine, insular
two-leaved pine, monterey fohre, Monterey kiefer, monterey kieffer, monterey
nmanty, Monterey pine, Monterey small-coned pine, nearly smooth-cone pine,
nearly-smooth cone pine, pin de Monterey, pin radiata, pin radiata, pino de
Monterey, pino di Monterey, pino insegne, pino insigne, radiata pijn, radiata
pine,
Radiatakiefer, radiatamanty, radiata-tall, remarkable cone pine, remarkable
pine, small-coned Monterey pine, smooth-cone pine, spreading-cone pine.
Distribution: Native to the central
coast of California from sea level to a maximum elevation of 1,000 feet.
Planted extensively in the southern hemisphere mainly in Chile, New Zealand,
Australia, and South Africa.
The Tree: In native stands, may
reach heights of 70-110 feet and diameters of 2-3 feet. Plantation grown trees
may reach a height of 80-90 feet in 20 years. Following data is mostly for
plantation grown wood.
General Wood
Characteristics:
Heartwood light brown to pinkish brown; distinct from the paler creamy white
sapwood. Growth rings mostly wide and distinct, false rings may be common;
grain usually straight; texture moderately even and fine; moderate to high
luster in sapwood; odor slightly resinous.
??Weight
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Weight |
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Moisture content |
Specific gravity |
lb/ft3 |
kg/m3 |
|
Greena |
NA |
25 |
401 |
|
12%b |
NA |
33 |
529 |
|
12%c |
NA |
34 |
545 |
|
12%d |
NA |
32 |
513 |
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12%e |
NA |
28 |
449 |
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Ovendrya |
0.33 |
NA |
NA |
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Ovendryb |
0.43 |
NA |
NA |
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Ovendryc |
0.44 |
NA |
NA |
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Ovendryd |
0.42 |
NA |
NA |
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Ovendrye |
0.38 |
NA |
NA |
??aReference
(1), bReference (8), cReference (9), dReference (19), eReference (20).
??Mechanical
Properties?
|
Property |
Green |
Dry |
||
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MOEa |
0.93
´
106 lbf/in2 |
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1.18
´
106 lbf/in2 |
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MOEb |
NA |
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1.66
´
106 lbf/in2 |
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MOEc |
1.29
´
106 lbf/in2 |
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1.62
´
106 lbf/in2 |
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MOEe |
1.06
´
106 lbf/in2 |
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1.37
´
106 lbf/in2 |
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MORa |
4.85
´
103 lbf/in2 |
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9.10
´
103 lbf/in2 |
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MORb |
NA |
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12.7
´
103 lbf/in2 |
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MORc |
6.41
´
103 lbf/in2 |
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11.98
´
103 lbf/in2 |
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MORd |
NA |
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12.6
´
103 lbf/in2 |
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MORe |
5.88
´
103 lbf/in2 |
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11.01
´
103 lbf/in2 |
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C| |a |
1.97
´
103 lbf/in2 |
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4.90
´
103 lbf/in2 |
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C| |b |
NA |
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7.00´
103 lbf/in2 |
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C| |c |
3.03
´
103 lbf/in2 |
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6.33
´
103 lbf/in2 |
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C| |e |
2.59
´
103 lbf/in2 |
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5.90
´
103 lbf/in2 |
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C^b |
NA |
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0.52
´
103 lbf/in2 |
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WMLe |
NA |
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NA |
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Hardnessc |
498
lbf |
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792
lbf |
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Hardnesse |
500
lbf |
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625
lbf |
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Shear| |b |
NA |
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1.64
´
103 lbf/in2 |
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??aReference
(1), bReference (8), cReference (9), dReference (19), eReference (20),
(all
are from 2-inch standard).
Forest
Products Laboratory toughness 154 in-lbf for green material (5/8 in specimen),
Reference (9).
??Drying and
shrinkage
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Percentage
of shrinkage (green to final moisture content) |
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Type of shrinkage |
0%MCa |
6%MC |
20%MC |
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Tangential |
6.7 |
NA |
NA |
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Radial |
3.4 |
NA |
NA |
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Volumetric |
10.7 |
NA |
NA |
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a
Air or kiln dries rapidly with little degrade. Movement in service is rated as
medium.
Reference
(9).?
??Kiln
drying schedulea
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Condition |
4/4,
5/4, 6/4 stock |
8/4 stock |
10/4 stock |
12/4 stock |
16/4
stock |
British
Schedule 4/4, 5/4, 6/4 stock |
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Standard |
T13-C4S |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
K |
?aReference (5
& 21).
Working
Properties:
The timber machines easily though the grain tends to tear around large knots.
Easy to nail and glue; takes paint and varnish well.
Durability: Sapwood prone to attack
by stain fungi and vulnerable to boring insects. Heartwood durable above
ground.
Preservation: Sapwood readily treated
with open tank and pressure methods. Plantation grown stock is mostly sapwood.
Heartwood moderately resistant.
Uses: Veneers and plywood,
pulp and paper, fiber and particleboard, light construction, boxes and crates,
millwork.
Toxicity: May cause allergic
contact dermatitis (11, 16 & 22).
Additional
Reading & References Cited (in parentheses):
1. Albala, H.
[Mechanical and associated properties of Pinus radiata wood. Santiago, Chile:
Instituto Forestal; 1965.
2. Berni, C. A.;
Bolza, E., and Christensen, F. J. South American timbers. The characteristics,
properties and uses of 190 species. CSIRO, Division of Building Research; 1979.
3. Bier, H.
Bending properties of structural timber from a 28 year old stand of New Zealand
Pinus
radiata.
New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science. 1985; 15(2):233-250.
4. Boas, T. H.
The commercial timbers of Australia, their properties and uses. Melbourne,
Australia: CSIRO; 1947.
5. Boone, R. S.;
Kozlik, C. J.; Bois, P. J., and Wengert, E. M. Dry kiln schedules for
commercial woods - temperate and tropical. Madison, WI: USDA Forest Service,
FPL-GTR-57; 1988.
6. Chidester, G.
H. and Schafer, E. R. Pulping of Latin American woods. Madison, WI, USA: USDA,
Forest Service, FPL Report No. 2012; 1965.
7. Cockrell, R.
A. Mechanical properties of California grown monterey pine. Journal of
Agricultural Science, California Agricultural Experiment Station. 1959;
28(8):227-238.
8. Ditchburne,
N.; Kloot, N. H., and Rumball, B. The mechanical properties of Australian grown
Pinus
radiata
D. Don. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO; 1975.
9. Dohr, A. W.
and Drow, J. T. The mechanical properties of insignis pine (Pinus radiata) from Chile. Madison,
WI, USA: USDA, Forest Service, FPL (unpublished data); 1948.
10. DPI. Radiata
pine. Queensland, Australia: DPI, Queensland Forest Service, Timber Species,
No. 22.; 1990.
11. Hausen, B.
M. Woods injurious to human health. A manual. New York, NY: Walter de Gruyter;
1981.
12. Henderson,
F. Y. A handbook of softwoods. London: HMSO; 1977.
13. Instituto
Forestal. Chile, exportador de Pinus radiata. Santiago, Chile: Instituto
Forestal; 1974.
14. Kloot, H.
Reassessment of radiata pine for structural purposes. CSIRO Forest Products
Newsletter. 1974(399):1-3.
15. Little, Jr.
E. L. Checklist of United States Trees (Native and Naturalized). Washington,
D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, USDA, Forest Service, Agriculture
Handbook No. 541; 1979.
16. Mitchell, J.
and Rook, A. Botanical dermatology: plants and plant products injurious to the
skin. Vancouver, BC: Greenglass Ltd.; 1979.
17. Perez, V. A.
G.; Martinez, L. B., and Del Rio, E. E. [Classification of Pinus radiata D. Don. according to
endurance.]. Santiago, Chile: Instituto Forestal; 1973.
18. Rendle, B.
J. World timbers 3. Asia, Australia and New Zealand. London: Ernest Benn Ltd.;
1970.
19. Sangüesa, H.
A. [Mechanical properties of the wood of Pinus radiata.]. Santiago, Chile:
Instituto Forestal; 1965.
20. Scott, C. W.
Pinus
radiata.
Rome, Italy: FAO Forestry and Forest Products Studies, No. 14; 1960.
21. Simpson, W.
T. Dry kiln operator's manual. Madison, WI: USDA Forest Service, FPL Ag.
Handbook No. 188; 1991.
22. Woods, B.
and Calnan, C. D. Toxic woods. British Journal of Dermatology. 1976;
95(13):1-97.